Since taking office in January, President Trump has called for comprehensive tax reform. The President’s recently released fiscal year (FY) 2018 outlines some of his key tax reform principles. At the same time, White House officials said that more tax reform details will be released in coming weeks. These details are expected to describe rate cuts for individuals and businesses, new incentives for child and elder care, elimination of certain deductions and credits, and more.

Since taking office in January, President Trump has called for comprehensive tax reform. The President’s recently released fiscal year (FY) 2018 outlines some of his key tax reform principles. At the same time, White House officials said that more tax reform details will be released in coming weeks. These details are expected to describe rate cuts for individuals and businesses, new incentives for child and elder care, elimination of certain deductions and credits, and more. 

Note. The President’s budget is a blueprint for Congressional action. “This is the message from the President to the Congress and says, look, here are my priorities in terms of where I want to spend more; here's what I think should be spent; here's where the big-ticket items are,” White House Budget Director Mick Mulvaney told reporters in Washington, D.C. at a news conference unveiling the FY 2018 budget proposals.

Tax measures

The President’s FY 2018 budget highlights a number of tax reform proposals, leaving details for later. The President called for tax reform that lowers individual tax rates, expands the standard deduction, and protects homeownership, charitable giving and retirement saving. The FY 2018 budget also urges Congress to repeal the alternative minimum tax (AMT), the federal estate tax and the net investment income (NII) tax.

The President’s FY 2018 also highlights some business tax proposals, including lower rates for corporations and other business entities. To offset the cost of lower rates, unspecified business tax expenditures would be repealed.

Note. Federal law requires that every budget list all tax expenditures.  Generally, a tax expenditure is any item that causes a loss of revenue due to a special exclusion, exemption, or deduction from gross income or which a special credit, a preferential rate of tax, or a deferral of tax liability. The FY 2018 budget lists more than 160 tax expenditures.

Health care and taxes

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) created the NII tax and a number of other new taxes. The President’s budget assumes the ACA will be repealed and replaced with the American Health Care Act (AHCA). As passed by the House in April, the ACHA repeals the NII tax, the additional Medicare tax, the excise tax on medical devices, and more. The Senate is currently debating the AHCA.

Funding the IRS

Earlier this year, President Trump proposed to reduce the IRS’s funding and his FY 2018 budget reflects that. However, in past years, Congress has restored some of the proposed funding cuts to the IRS. Last year, Congress gave the IRS an additional $290 million with instructions to use the funds for taxpayer services and to curb tax-related identity theft.

Additionally, President Trump proposed giving the IRS more authority to correct errors on taxpayer returns. The FY 2018 budget also urges Congress to expressly grant the IRS authority to regulate return preparers.

Family leave

President Trump also proposed to create a new benefit within the Unemployment Insurance (UI) program. This new benefit would provide up to six weeks paid leave to mothers, fathers, and adoptive parents.

If you have any questions about the President’s FY 2018 budget, please contact our office. Our office will keep you posted of developments as Congress begins to debate the President’s proposals and more details are released by the White House.

The future of the Affordable Care Act and its associated taxes has moved to the Senate following passage of the American Health Care Act (AHCA) in the House in April. Traditionally, legislation moves more slowly in the Senate than in the House, which means that any ACA repeal and replacement bill may be weeks if not months away.

The future of the Affordable Care Act and its associated taxes has moved to the Senate following passage of the American Health Care Act (AHCA) in the House in April. Traditionally, legislation moves more slowly in the Senate than in the House, which means that any ACA repeal and replacement bill may be weeks if not months away. 

Note. At the time this article was prepared, few details have emerged about discussions in the Senate on the ACA’s taxes. Some senators have predicted that the Senate will write its own ACA repeal and replacement bill. A Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report, issued in late May, scored the House-passed AHCA as eventually causing 23 million fewer individuals to be covered, a number that may prompt the Senate to move further away from the House bill. It is also unclear if a Senate bill would repeal all or some of the ACA’s taxes. A Senate bill could also make other changes to the ACA, such as changes to the individual and employer shared responsibility requirements and the Code Sec. 36B premium assistance tax credit.

Health care taxes

As approved by the House, the AHCA repeals nearly all of the ACA’s taxes and delays the ones it does not repeal immediately. The House-passed version of the AHCA repeals the net investment income (NII) tax, the excise tax on medical devices, and the health insurance provider fee, among others, retroactively to the start of 2017. Further, the House-passed version of the AHCA delays the ACA’s excise tax on high-dollar health plans.

Whether the Senate will go along with repealing all or some of the ACA’s taxes is unclear. Some GOP members of the Senate Finance Committee had previously called for immediate repeal of the additional Medicare tax. Other Republican senators called for immediate repeal of the medical device excise tax. Our office will keep you posted of developments.

Code Sec. 36B credit

Individuals who obtain health insurance through the ACA Marketplace may qualify for a tax credit to help offset the cost of coverage. The House-passed version of the AHCA also revises the Code Sec. 36B premium assistance tax credit. The amount of the credit would vary depending on the taxpayer’s age, among other modifications. Again, it is unclear if the Senate will adopt these changes to the credit or make its own revisions.

Other provisions

An ACA repeal and replacement bill in the Senate also is expected to address, among other things,

• Individual and employer shared responsibility requirements
• Health savings accounts
• Code Sec. 45R small employer health insurance credit
• Branded prescription drug fee
• Medical expense deduction
• Minimum essential health benefits

Other health care bills

Just before Congress’ Memorial Day recess, the House Ways and Means Committee approved several bills related to the House version of the AHCA. One bill would allow individuals who have certain types of COBRA coverage to claim the revised Code Sec. 36B credit. Another bill would disallow advance payments of the credit unless the recipient is a citizen or national of the U.S. or an alien lawfully present in the U.S.

Administrative actions

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Department of Labor (DOL) and the IRS administer different parts of the ACA. In May, HHS announced that changes to the direct enrollment process for the ACA Marketplace. HHS also announced that online enrollment for the Small Business Health Options Program (SHOP) would be through an agent or broker.

Please contact our office if you have any questions about health care and taxes.

Many businesses consider the occasional wining and dining of customers and clients just to stay in touch with them to be a necessary cost of doing business. The same goes for taking business associates or even employees out to lunch once in a while after an especially tough assignment has been completed successfully. It's easy to think of these entertainment costs as deductible business expenses, but they may not be. As a general rule, meals and entertainment are deductible as a business expense only if specific conditions are met. What's more, the deduction for either type of expense generally is limited to 50 percent of the cost.

Many businesses consider the occasional wining and dining of customers and clients just to stay in touch with them to be a necessary cost of doing business. The same goes for taking business associates or even employees out to lunch once in a while after an especially tough assignment has been completed successfully. It's easy to think of these entertainment costs as deductible business expenses, but they may not be. As a general rule, meals and entertainment are deductible as a business expense only if specific conditions are met. What's more, the deduction for either type of expense generally is limited to 50 percent of the cost. 

Meals and entertainment directly connected to business. To be considered directly connected to business, the meal or entertainment event must meet three conditions:

• It must have been scheduled with more than a general expectation of deriving future income or a specific business benefit from the event. In other words, a meal or dinner date arranged for general goodwill purposes does not qualify.
• A business meeting, negotiation, or transaction must actually occur during the meal or entertainment, or immediately preceding and following it. In other words, business actually must be discussed.
• The main character of the event, considering the facts and circumstances, is the active conduct of your company's trade or business.

For example, an executive employee who treats a client to a golf game in order to discuss the general parameters of a business deal in an informal atmosphere is engaged in entertainment that is directly connected to business. So is a manager who discusses sensitive business plans with a subordinate over lunch at an off-premises restaurant.

Applicable limitations. In general, only 50 percent of expenses incurred for entertainment and meal expenses is deductible. A limited exception applies to entertainment or on-premise meals provided to employees.

Expenses with respect to entertainment facilities generally are not deductible at all. A facility includes any item of personal or real property owned, rented, or used by a taxpayer if it is used during the tax year for or in connection with entertainment. They include yachts, hunting lodges, fishing camps, swimming pools, tennis courts, bowling alleys, automobiles, airplanes, apartments, hotel suites and homes in vacation resorts.

Country club dues are not deductible (although the meals purchased with business clients at the club are, up to the 50 percent limit). Deductions for skyboxes or other private luxury boxes at sporting events are limited to the face value of a nonluxury box seat ticket multiplied by the number of seats in the box.

Record-keeping requirements. Even if a meal or entertainment expense qualifies as a business expense, none of the cost is deductible unless strict and detailed substantiation and recordkeeping requirements are met to the letter.

Please contact our offices for assistance on how to comply with these requirements at minimum cost and expense, and how your business’s typical meal and entertainment expenses fare under the deduction rules.

As “hurricane season” officially begins, the IRS has released a number a tax tips, reminders and other advice to help taxpayers weather the storm of natural disasters and similar emergencies. The underlying theme for all IRS "tax tips" is that recordkeeping has generally become easier in the digital age. However, it remains the primary responsibility of the taxpayer to preserve adequate records whether or not caused by a disaster.

As “hurricane season” officially begins, the IRS has released a number a tax tips, reminders and other advice to help taxpayers weather the storm of natural disasters and similar emergencies. The underlying theme for all IRS "tax tips" is that recordkeeping has generally become easier in the digital age. However, it remains the primary responsibility of the taxpayer to preserve adequate records whether or not caused by a disaster. 

Bottom line: Although the IRS will often extend filing deadlines and generally offer "hot line" accessibility, the "burden of proof" on substantiation and other requirements found within the tax laws is ultimately placed upon the taxpayer’s shoulders. 

Preparation Checklist

The IRS advises taxpayers to consider taking the following steps, among others, to better prepare for hurricanes and other emergencies:

Emergency plans. Personal and business situations change over time, as do preparedness needs. An emergency plan, both at home and in business, whether for safety or to prepare for insurance claims and tax contingencies, should be updated annually.

Digital copies of key documents. The IRS advises that taxpayers should keep a duplicate set of key documents including bank statements, tax returns, identifications and insurance policies in a safe place, away from the original set. The IRS observes that maintaining an additional set of records should be easier these days, with many financial institutions providing statements and documents electronically and on secure internet sites. Even if the original records are only provided on paper, the IRS suggests scanning them into an electronic format.

Taxpayers should also photograph or videotape the contents of their residences, especially items of higher value. The IRS disaster loss workbooks and Publication 584 can help taxpayers compile a room-by-room list of belongings. A photographic record can help taxpayers prove the fair market value of items for insurance and casualty loss claims. Ideally, photos should be stored outside the area of the home or office.

Payroll providers. The IRS suggests that employers who use payroll service providers should ask the provider if it has a fiduciary bond in place. It notes that the bond could protect the employer in the event of default by the payroll service provider.

IRS data storage. Back copies of previously-filed tax returns and all attachments, including Forms W-2, can be requested by filing Form 4506, Request for Copy of Tax Return. Alternatively, transcripts showing most line items on these returns can be ordered through the Get Transcript tool available on the IRS website, or by calling 1-800-908-9946 or by using Form 4506T-EZ, "Short Form Request for Individual Tax Return Transcript" or Form 4506-T, " Request for Transcript of Tax Return."

Individuals, trusts, estates, personal service corporations and closely held C corporations may only deduct passive activities losses from passive activity income. The rules do not apply to S corporations and partnerships but do apply to their respective shareholders and partners. In general, limited partners are not deemed to materially participate in partnership activities. Thus, a limited partner's share of partnership income is passive income. However, general partners or acting general partners may hold limited partnership interests and materially participate in the partnership.

Individuals, trusts, estates, personal service corporations and closely held C corporations may only deduct passive activities losses from passive activity income. The rules do not apply to S corporations and partnerships but do apply to their respective shareholders and partners. In general, limited partners are not deemed to materially participate in partnership activities. Thus, a limited partner's share of partnership income is passive income. However, general partners or acting general partners may hold limited partnership interests and materially participate in the partnership.

Closely held C corporations and personal service corporations are treated as materially participating in an activity if shareholders owning 50 percent or more by value of the outstanding stock materially participate in the activity. Closely held C corporations can also satisfy the material participation standard under an alternative rule based on the participation of full-time employees in the activity.

A passive activity is trade or business activity in which the taxpayer does not materially participate. A passive activity is any activity that involves the conduct of a trade or business in which the taxpayer does not materially participate. Passive activities generally include rental activities, regardless of whether the taxpayer materially participates in the activity. A taxpayer's rental real estate activity is not a passive activity, however, if the taxpayer (1) materially participates in the activity, and (2) performs qualifying services in real property trades or businesses. A facts and circumstances test applies in determining whether other activities are combined or treated as separate for purposes of the passive loss rules.

Individuals who own and actively participate in the management of rental real estate may offset up to $25,000 of passive activity loss from rental real estate against active income in any tax year. The offset amount is reduced by 50 percent of the amount by which the taxpayer's adjusted gross income exceeds $100,000, phasing out completely at $150,000 of adjusted gross income. More liberal rules apply to the offset of rehabilitation and low income housing credits.

Deductions and credits that are disallowed under passive activity rules may be carried forward and used as passive activity deductions and credits in succeeding years. Remaining passive activity deductions are deductible against nonpassive income when taxpayer disposes of the passive activity. Passive activity credits may only be applied to taxes on passive income.

A major exception to the definition of a passive activity is a working interest in any oil and gas property that the taxpayer holds directly or through an entity that does not limit the taxpayer's liability for the interest, regardless of whether the taxpayer materially participates in the activity.

A taxpayer's passive activity loss for the tax year is disallowed and is carried forward until the taxpayer has available passive activity income. Passive activity loss is the amount by which passive activity deductions from all passive activities exceed passive activity gross income from all passive activities for the tax year.

For more on passive activity losses, please contact our office.

As an individual or business, it is your responsibility to be aware of and to meet your tax filing/reporting deadlines. This calendar summarizes important federal tax reporting and filing data for individuals, businesses and other taxpayers for the month of June 2017.

As an individual or business, it is your responsibility to be aware of and to meet your tax filing/reporting deadlines. This calendar summarizes important federal tax reporting and filing data for individuals, businesses and other taxpayers for the month of June 2017.

June 1
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates May 24–26. 

June 2
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates May 27–30.

June 7
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates May 31–June 2.

June 9
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates June 3-6. 

June 12
Employees who work for tips. Employees who received $20 or more in tips during May must report them to their employer using Form 4070. 

June 15
Individuals. Individuals, partnerships, passthrough entities and corporations make the second installment of 2017 estimated quarterly tax payments. 

Individuals. U.S. citizens or resident aliens living and working (or on military duty) outside the United States and Puerto Rico must file Form 1040 (or apply for an automatic extension to file 4-months on Form 4668) and pay any tax due.

C corporations. Make the second installment of 2017 estimated tax.

Employers.  Deposit payroll tax for May if monthly deposit rule applies.

June 16
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates June 10–13. 

June 21
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates June 14–16. 

June 23
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates June 17–20.

June 28
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates June 21–23. 

June 30
Employers. Semi-weekly depositors must deposit employment taxes for payroll dates June 24–27.

In a case that provides a lesson to anyone donating property to charity for which a deduction of more than $500 is claimed – get proof in writing and get it at the time you donate the property. After-the-fact substantiation, no matter how convincing, is not acceptable under the tax law to support a deduction.

In a case that provides a lesson to anyone donating property to charity for which a deduction of more than $500 is claimed – get proof in writing and get it at the time you donate the property. After-the-fact substantiation, no matter how convincing, is not acceptable under the tax law to support a deduction.

Case in point: The Tax Court, in Izen, Jr. v. Commissioner, 148 TC No. 5, found that a failure to follow the substantiation rules for donation of an aircraft precluded a taxpayer from claiming a deductions. The taxpayer’s evidence of donation did not satisfy the substantiation requirements, which are heightened for donations of vehicles, including aircrafts.

The taxpayer was assessed a deficiency on his federal income tax return for the year at issue. He then filed an amended return on which he claimed that he had donated a 50 percent interest in an aircraft to a tax-exempt historical society. His interest in the plane was appraised at $340,000, and he claimed a charitable contribution deduction in that amount.

The Tax Court observed that under Code Sec. 170(f)(12), contributions of used vehicles, including airplanes, whose claimed value exceeds $500, must satisfy special substantiation requirements. A taxpayer must obtain a contemporaneous written acknowledgment and include the acknowledgment with his or her return. Further, if the donee has not sold the vehicle or aircraft, the donee must certify the intended use or improvement to the property, among other requirements. Additionally, the donee must provide the IRS with a copy of the acknowledgment. The IRS developed Form 1098-C for this purpose.

The court found that the taxpayer did not include the requisite copy of Form 1098-C with his amended return, nor did the IRS receive the form from the historical society related to the taxpayer’s donation of the aircraft.

Although the taxpayer did include a copy of a letter to the IRS that was from the historical society thanking him for the donation, the court found that the letter failed to satisfy the contemporaneous written acknowledgement requirements. The letter failed to include the name and taxpayer identification number of the donor, among other items.

The court also rejected the taxpayer’s purported deed of a gift as satisfying the contemporaneous written acknowledgment requirement. The “aircraft donation agreement” did not meet the statutory requirements for a contemporaneous written acknowledgment. Like the letter, the deed failed to include the taxpayer identification number of the donor. The deed also did not include a certification of intended use.